Nobody wants to fund collections of clinical waste from the community. Though some companies make a business out of ‘smalls’ it operates generally on small margins and yet is costly to the PCTs, and now their new era replacements, and to Local Authorities.

Some GP surgeries will receive properly packaged sharps, though often failing to provide on prescription those sharps bins that diabetics will should use. Likewise, some high street pharmacists will accept used needles, as do some hospitals as part of their commitment to outpatient support from diabetic clinics and the like.

It the latter case, patients may take their boxed needles at the next outpatient visit, or drop them off at reception. This creates its own problems since the receptionist will not be able to issue by prescription a new sharps bin, creating problems of continuity. In every case, the diversity of options makes administration and funding something of a nightmare.

The US is far behind, since until recently used sharps have entered the trash in the absence of any better and more organised route for safe disposal. But that is changing. For most, the solution has been to prohibit disposal of sharps in household garbage, and to provide sharps safes in accessible locations, at the Police of fire station, at a local supermarket – in the Mall – or at the local County building.

Their are economies of scale. Most self-injecting patients, whether diabetic or others, and almost all IV drug users are sufficiently ambulant that there is no barrier to a visit to the local sharps disposal point. With a network of conveniently located and accessible disposal points, there are logistics advantages as well as savings in administration for funding arrangements. This might also capture some of those ‘private enterprise’ needles from IV drug users and those injecting bodybuilding steroids and tanning supplements that is now on the increase.

The advantages are many and obvious. Perhaps all that stands in the way of this improvement is predictable administrative inertia and public perception issues that can stimulate objections to needle safes placed in locations across the community.

But it seems a good idea, and far better than the present mish-mash arrangements that are many and varied, and subject to frequent change as if deliberately to confuse the service users.

 

 

sharps-injuries-eu-may-2013The implementation of UK legislation to enable compliance with Council Directive 2010/32/EU is now in place and so many organisations are working hard to prepare guidance notes for healthcare providers.

One of the best, so far, is from the NHS Confederation who note that regulations implementing EU law (the “Sharps Directive”) come into force across the UK on 11 May 2013. All NHS employers and employees need to be aware of and act upon the additional requirements (over and above existing health and safety legislation) resulting from the new regulations. This Briefing outlines the key changes and their implications for the NHS.

New regulations on the prevention of sharps injuries will apply from 11 May 2013.

They apply only to employers, contractors – but critically only to contractors who are embedded into on-site operations – and workers in the healthcare sector (whether public or private).

Many of the requirements form part of existing health and safety law in the United Kingdom, but the regulations also introduce extra, more specific, requirements.

The NHS European Office and NHS Employers have worked closely with the Health and Safety Executive and with employers’ organisations and trade unions in Europe, to try to ensure that the new rules are sensible and workable for the NHS.

Download the NHS Confederation publication Protecting healthcare workers from sharps injuries

 

 

 

When pacemakers find their way to a cremator there is inevitably a rather big bang and substantial consequential contamination that is best avoided.

Funeral directors do their best to capture those bodies with a pacemaker fitted, by examination of the body, by discussion with a hospital or GP, or after questioning of the next of kin. It is a great credit that so very few pacemakers slip though the net.

In a recent piece in the Kent and Sussex Courier it is recorded that, normally, funeral directors dispose of pacemakers via specialised clinical waste companies  or take them back to a local hospital.

The writer, Jo Parker,  had been in touch with heart hospitals, heart  charities and manufacturers of the pacemakers to see if there was some way of  recycling these devices, but it’s “not something we do here in the UK. These  devices are just destroyed”.

This got herthinking about overseas charities and she stumbled upon a charity  called Healing Little Hearts (www.healinglittleheart.org.uk).  The founder of  this charity is a consultant paediatrician at University Hospital Leicester, Dr  Nichani Sanjiv, and he takes medical teams to India to perform life-saving  surgery on children whose families can’t afford medical care.

Jo contacted Dr Sanjiv Nichani, who was delighted with the idea of recycling  our pacemakers; although Sanjiv himself works with the children in the hospital,  he has spoken with his medical colleagues who take care of the very poorest  patients that come into the Holy Family Hospital in Mumbai and the Government  Hospital, King Edward Medical College and the pacemakers we send will be used to  change their lives.

So, having found a charity, Jo thought why not make this bigger than a few  Kent members, why not roll this out nationally?

With arrangements in place for removal of pacemakers from cadavers, for their transport and reprocessing, and their export for re-use, this would seem to be an excellent (re)use of a life-saving resource.

Several regulatory barriers exist, that may thwart the best of intentions. Shipment of what is, inevitably, clinical waste may require a license. Export of that waste, even if reclassified as medical supplies is fraught with difficulties and compliance with all necessary regulations can be costly and troublesome, if not impossible. There will be additional legal and other ramifications concerning the safety of the re-processed medical device.

Despite all of these problems, we offer support to Jo Parker and her colleagues for their efforts and hope that unnecessary bureaucracy does not stand in their way.

 

 

Sounding more like a tale from some Transylvanian horror, Polish prosecutors say they are questioning a man suspected of burying body parts and other clinical (medical) wastes instead of delivering them for incineration.

A prosecutor in Chorzow, in southern Poland, Marta Zawada-Dybek said Friday that the man, identified as Marek M., has confessed to burying body parts, syringes, bandages and other waste on a plot of land that he owns.

His firm that has contracts with some 300 hospitals and private surgeries to professionally dispose of the waste. But he allegedly buried it rather than pay for its incineration, Zawada-Dybek said. The man’s two brothers work in the firm.

The man is already serving a 16-month prison term for dumping medical waste at a local refuse dump.

 

 

Needle with drop of bloodIreland has not been backward at making the most of EU laws and subsidies though it has now found itself in deep financial peril as a consequence.

But less advantageous though equally worthy EU legislation, to implement the requirements of Council Directive 2010/32/EU, has been surprisingly slow to implement in Ireland. Trade unions have claimed that the health of Irish healthcare workers has been put at risk by Ireland’s failure to implement an EU directive on the use of medical needles.

The Irish Congress of Trade Unions says member states were due to adopt the directive – the eve of International Nurses Day.

ICTU’s legal affairs officer Esther Lynch said needlestick injuries among healthcare workers were ‘notoriously’ unreported – and that workers were injured anywhere between 1,000 and 6,000 times a year. ICTU has called on jobs minister Richard Bruton to implement Irish laws, giving legal effect to the EU directive, without delay.

“The Health & Safety Committee of Congress is recommending the establishment of Needlestick & Sharps injury prevention committees to oversee the implementation of the Directive,” Lynch said.

“These committees should include representatives from all levels, employers and unions including health and safety representatives, occupational health, risk management, purchasing, housekeeping, infection control, employee education and training.”

With a number of high profile sharps injury claims from Ireland in recent months, this is perhaps rather surprising. Hopefully, the lack of formal legislation will not stop healthcare providers from doing the right thing and purchasing safety sharps without delay.

 

 

 

Once again, we can report of the success of one of the very many drug waste take-back schemes operating in communities in the US.

The Clark County Sheriff’s Office, the federal Drug Enforcement Administration and other local agencies collected 819 pounds of medical waste at a drug take-back event Sept. 29 in Fisher’s Landing. The event collected 10 pounds of inhalers used for asthma.The most recent have occurred in Washington State, netting 420 pounds of medical waste during a four-hour take-back event organised by the Battle Ground Police Department [great name!] which included 267 pounds of controlled substances which will be shipped to the Drug Enforcement Administration for destruction.

The event was sponsored by the DEA in partnership with the Clark County Sheriff’s Office, Clark County Environmental Services, PREVENT! Coalition, and Prevent Together: Battle Ground Prevention Alliance.

The intention of the drug take-back event was to keep medications out of the hands of kids, while also safely disposing of them and preventing them from seeping into landfills and water supplies.

Medications can still disposed of at the Battle Ground Police Department office, thus promoting regular safe disposal without stockpiling, and offering a disposal option that improves on placing unwanted drug waste into the domestic waste stream or down the toilet thus improving environmental protection. Continue reading “Community drug waste collections” »

Sharps injury is depressingly common but should be preventable. Less easy to prevent is a blood splash that can unexpectedly contaminate the face and eyes – eye in particular are a potent and often unrecognised route for infection.

Several approaches are possible to prevent sharps injury through the use of passive engineered safety sharps, good sharps safety practice including safe disposal, and safe management of BS EN ISO 23907 2012 compliant sharps bins at the point of use and as the pass along the disposal chain.

But not so at Huddersfield Royal Infirmary where some idiot placed a used and part-blood-filled syringe on top of a sharps bin that really should have been in a safe location well away from inquisitive children.

The parents now face a significant worry throughout and beyond a period of precautionary treatment, blood tests etc for the little lad, and hopefully a successful complain to the heath regulators, HSE and anyone else who will take real action to make sure that those responsible are properly reprimanded. If the culprit(s) can be identified I think it appropriate that the conduct committee of their professional body should be invited to investigate, with expulsion if appropriately found.

Huddersfield Royal Infirmary medical director  David Wise said: ‘This is unacceptable and should never have happened and for  that we apologise to the family.

‘We have reviewed the environment on the unit  and are issuing a reminder to all staff that sharps boxes must be kept in a safe  location to make  sure that this does not happen to anyone else.’

But that’s just not good enough. Placement of sharps into a sharps bin is a perfectly reasonably safety precaution and those who are so lax in syringe disposal should face severe professional reprimand and/or regulatory action. The more fundamental issue of placement of the sharps bin, out of reach of children is too a well-recognised issue and should not be a new concept but part of established and quite routine practice. Failure is a matter for the regulator.

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2318186/Toddler-blood-mouth-syringe-doctors-waiting-room.html

 

We are well aware of drug take-back schemes, widely used in US and elsewhere to encourage safe disposal of unwanted prescription and other medications that might otherwise enter the domestic waste stream or be flushed down the toilet. Regrettably, in the UK it just doesn’t happen and that is a great shame.

But it doesn’t always go well. In Northampton, Mass, Northampton’s Solid Waste Management Director was charged this week with drug charges.

Kathy Bouquillon was holding a sharps collection at Saturday’s Drug Take Back event on April 27th, and got a bit too involved in her work when take back became simply take!

A day later, she was arrested after she struck a tree with her car. The Court heard how she had numerous drugs in her car that were not prescribed to her following charges of possession of drugs, OUI (operating under the influence) and possession of a can of unregistered pepper spray.

 

 

 

The disposal of a foetus can be a particularly difficult issue that requires care in compliance with the wishes of the mother, and with the increasingly complex legal framework.

But it can, and does go wrong:

Continue reading “Disposal of foetuses” »

The volumes of sanitary/offensive wastes are vast, and growing steadily with the down-regulation of much additional soft clinical wastes. What are the options for its treatment and disposal?

So far, the Environment Agency has encouraged – effectively forced but with no legitimacy to that heavy-handed approach to ‘regulation’ – landfill disposal which in every conceivable respect is environmentally sound.

Since the primary argument is that any energy-dependent process used to treat these wastes would itself be wasteful (of energy) and thus environmentally unsound, the only option would be a hole in the ground. But that is a mindset which is predicated to impede technological development, to use these sanitary/offensive waste as a resource and develop commercial-scale processes that provide an environmentally sound solution. Continue reading “Sanitary/offensive wastes: Poopy power rocks?” »

There seem to be plenty of tattooists in the UK but perhaps that really isn’t enough to go around, or they are too expensive.

As a – very poor – alternative, it seems that many illegal tattooists are in operation, unregistered and thus unsupervised. The great risk is of bloodborne virus (BBV) infection, and pyogenic infection of those brave enough to have a tattoo.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22320300

But it is the bloodborne virus risk that is our primary concern, since that extends beyond the process of tattooing and may continue as sharps wastes are disposed. The unregistered and unlicensed operation implies a failure to adhere to required standards of hygiene, and therefore to standards of waste management also. Is it likely that an unlicensed tattoo outfit would bother with safe sharps disposal into a suitable sharps bin? Continue reading “Bloodborne virus warning over illegal tattooists” »

The press are today full of comment about hospital hotels, a new – at least new to the UK – initiative to use hotels as a half-way house for patients not quiet well enough to go home but good enough to move be moved out of a hospital ward.

It’s an idea predictably popular with Government and with the Department of Health since it frees much-needed hospital beds and todays news reports presumably represent a concerted political manoeuvre to test the waters of public opinion.

Hospital hotel transfers have been used in several countries already, most notably in Scandinavia, though an early trial at UCH London resulted in the unexpected and particularly embarrassing death of a patient while billeted at the local hotel. Continue reading “Hospital hotels?” »

Yahoo Answers is not something that I recommend, though no doubt it has its uses and many people find it particularly useful. When I’m teaching, I instruct students in no uncertain terms that written work drawn from Yahoo Answers or from Wikipedia score zero marks – it’s lazy and of a poor is non-existent standard – and may irritate me sufficiently to impact on future marks!

But Yahoo Answers does have a following, and today I visited it for the first time ever. The item that caught my eye was a question, posed by someone from the South West, that I will reproduce in full here:

How to address a carer burning clinical waste in the garden? Continue reading “What would you do?” »

Some time has passed since this paper by Green and Griffiths was published. Unsurprisingly, the professional journals and magazines, and the trades union RCN are up in arms about the impact to nurses, and separately to surgeons and physicians. Quite right too.

But the paper, which investigated the psychological welfare of 17 individuals having sharps injury. Only 5 of these five (29%) were in “the health sector (nurses and paramedics)” while the remainder fell into a category of ‘other occupations’ which involved police officers, porters, cleaners, a builder, a manager and one unemployed person.

Of the 3 brief case individual reports included in the paper, only 1 was a healthcare worker. This lady was injured while working in an accident and emergency department. Perhaps a nurse, or possibly a support worker/cleaner, we are not told, the lady was emptying a clinic bin and was replacing a bag when a needle, which had been incorrectly disposed of, pierced her leg. The remaining 2 cases involved a coach driver and postal worker respectively.

Leaving aside the serious issue of a healthcare professional incorrectly placing a used needle into a soft-walled clinical waste sack, the occupations of those involved in this sharps injury series requires further consideration. With so much noised from the medical and nursing professions, about the risks and impact of sharps injury that they may face, it seems that it is the ancillary worker and others who are at real risk.

We at Blenkharn Environmental and at the Clinical Waste Discussion Forum and are doing all we can to highlight the risks of waste handlers and ancillary and support staff. Perhaps the waste and services sectors simply have no voice. At least, they could shout a little louder.

“While Tanzania’s leading health facility, the  Dar-es-Salaam Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) boasts of having a well-managed system for disposing infectious medical waste, The Citizen on Saturday has discovered that the situation elsewhere in the country is rather appalling.

“Environmental health experts have confided to this newspaper that most of the lower level health facilities are grappling with poorly managed systems of handling the dangerous garbage, posing serious environmental and human health risks as a consequence.

‘’Hospital waste management is still a big problem in the country to date’’ Prof Samuel Manyele confirmed this week – which is about three years after he published a series of studies that exposed poor health care waste management in Tanzania. Continue reading “Clinical waste management in Tanzania” »

Care and disposal of the dead is becoming a hot topic at the moment.

In St. Paul, Minnesota, the Regions Hospital has admitted a second stillborn baby was ‘discarded’ in error and turned up in the hospital laundry.

“The hospital released that statement two days after acknowledging that the stillborn boy — who tumbled out of linens being prepared for cleaning Tuesday — came from the Regions Hospital morgue.

“The first baby — a stillborn, premature boy died April 4 at 22 weeks gestation. That body had been wrapped in linens in the morgue. A preliminary investigation found that someone mistakenly thought the bundled body was laundry that needed cleaning.

http://www.republican-eagle.com/event/article/id/87613/

 

 

An independent inquiry has been demanded after radioactive waste was wrongly disposed of at Ninewells Hospital.

Two weeks ago, a sharps bin containing radioactive waste was wrongly placed in a yellow clinical waste container. The radioactive material, which officials have stressed was not dangerous, was then sent out with the other clinical waste, against the conditions of the hospital’s site licence for the use of radioactive material.

The sharps bin containing radioactive waste was placed for uplift by janitors at stairwell 6, level 7 near the small lift in the laboratory block. This stairwell area temporarily holds all of the laboratory waste containers for level 7 until work on the freight lift is completed. An unknown person placed this waste in one of the yellow clinical waste containers, despite the waste being clearly labelled as radioactive.

[Stairwell?  A temporary holding site for wastes?  What about the fire regs?] Continue reading “Radioactive sharps bin contamination at Ninewells” »

Pupils of the Mandal Praja Parishad primary school at Achayyapeta have found some new “toys” to play with. During the recess and after school , the boys and girls run to the garbage dumps less than 350 meters away and search and pick up used injection syringes and IV fluid sets and start playing by filling them up with water.

Their parents, mostly away from the village rearing sheep or working on fields, are genuinely worried about the children contracting diseases. For the villagers, who are fighting all out to stop the Anakapalle Municipality from dumping the town’s garbage in their village, the threat to their children’s health appears to be the immediate major problem even as they wait for the High Court to give them a favourable verdict. The medical waste is part of garbage forcibly dumped on a site allotted to the municipality as a dumping yard on March 20 after chasing away the protesting villagers and arresting 20 of them.

more at http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/students-play-with-medical-waste-at-achayyapeta/article4609569.ece

 

There are several, perhaps many, W2E plants popping up. Indeed, with a sometimes indecent hast to capture a slice of the market the number of plants under construction and in planning seems to be in excess of need. Additional feedstocks may make a big difference, though few new waste sources are really available that haven’t been exploited already.

It is a small though nonetheless useful addition to process by W2E conversion the treated floc from ATT processed soft clinical wastes. In reality, and already tested in some island communities where the proposal has been accepted and successfully applied.

The chemical composition of soft clinical wastes is quite permissible for W2E conversion. Moreover, the relatively low risk of the bulk of EWC 18 01 03 clinical wastes is modest except for those coming into direct contact with them, and perhaps then no greater that for the mass of domestic wastes found in the tipping hall of a busy W2E plant, the question is obvious.  Since soft clinical wastes are clearly identified in brightly coloured bags, why not tip these directly to the pit of a W2E plant and reduce or remove the costly process of prior ATT processing and post-process shredding? Continue reading “W2E gasification plants – is there a place for clinical wastes?” »

The Dutch firm Orthometals is successfully operating a metals recovery service for crematoria, collecting implant metals, and if they’re lucky the odd gold ring and several shiny gold tooth caps and fillings.

The recovery of metals from crematoria is an important, and obviously valuable, trade that should be applauded. Metals recycling is of proven value and it would be wrong to ignore this valuable resource. So too with single use surgical instruments, and hypodermic needles. Though the net value may be less there will be some quantity of valuable metals that might be recovered and if input volumes are sufficient then no doubt the technology exists to extract the value from this waste which would likely end up in landfill. Since most operators can expect bulk metals outputs in either form perhaps this is a trade ready for exploitation.

Regrettably, the posturing of the Environment Agency had frustrated recycling of and materials recovery from the increasingly popular single-use instruments, waste from which was being measured in tonnes, easily separated post-processing or by the use of dedicated containers for source segregation. So too with other recyclates including plastics and latex gloves, but that is another story.

With innovative companies such as Orthometals, perhaps Holland or some other EU country will support the further development of this trade and show the way for even the most recalcitrant regulatory authorities.

 

 

 

 

 

“London’s Evening Standard reports that medical (clinical) waste including syringes, blood-filled tubes and pig snouts is being dumped on the pavement by Harley Street firms.

“Westminster council today issued a public safety alert as it accused a “handful” of clinics of failing to dispose of potentially hazardous waste safely.

“It came after council street wardens on routine patrols in the area discovered plastic refuse bags whose sides were punctured by used syringes.

“Other discoveries included a sack of pig heads – apparently used by medics to practise on, due to similarities between pig skin and human skin – and bags of used drips, vials of medicine and bloodied tissues.

“Two firms have already been successfully prosecuted and five others are being investigated by the council, with one due in court later this month in what has been a growing problem since the start of the year.

http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/scandal-of-dumped-harley-street-medical-waste-8564308.html

 

Westminster Council has a deserved reputation for tough dealing with waste and other issues, so its no surprise that these civil enforcement fines have been imposed, and prosecutions have followed. Presumably, the issue was that wastes were presented at the wrong time, since sooner or later it would have to be left on the curtilage for collection. In Harley Street and surrounding street there are no gardens and front doors open almost directly to the pavement so there can be no question about where the wastes were placed, only when.

The picture, reproduced from the Evening Standard, is confusing. Why red bags? Why syringes – and we might assume needles also, in waste sacks. But if the needles had been separated, why breach now universal safety rules to dismount needles instead of placing them intact into a sharps bin? And why so many pig snouts, commonly used for basic surgical training when there is no training establishment in the area?

 

 

Right across Africa properly managed, or indeed any other, clinical waste treatment facilities are few and very far between.

News that the construction of a new modern healthcare risk waste (HCRW) facility has been put on hold by the City of Windhoek. Apparently, the City is having second thoughts about building the facility because the proposed site is too small to accommodate the entire facility. A new and larger area will have to be identified before the project can continue.

http://allafrica.com/stories/201304051013.html

Allafrica.com reports that the full project comprises a healthcare risk waste dumping area, a new fuel depot with a total fuel capacity of 78,000 litres and offices. The waste facility will process clinical (medical) waste from hospitals in Rehoboth, Okahanja and Windhoek. It is also intended that the same service be made available to private hospitals and clinics as well as serving as a back up for other medical centres, as and when required.

Sounds good, though the use of the term ‘dump’ for these waste sounds a little worrying, but presumably this has been properly designed and will be properly managed, and a need has been identified.

Whether this really is an issue of planning and a better, larger site is really necessary is not clear. Perhaps two sites, the Windhoek site and one other will be a better option. Getting on and doing something is, in these circumstances, better than talking about the plan until such time as it becomes so old it quietly fades away and never materialises.

Good luck

Regulators and those who follow on their every word continue to be exercised by the question of pharmaceutical residues from clinical wastes. Of course, bulk pharmaceutical wastes from the pharmacy department or drug manufacturing facilities must be managed with great care and their disposal must be properly controlled. There is, however, great confusion between this and the trace residues that might be present in soft clinical wastes and even in sharps bins filled with empty, or near entry, syringes.tablets and capsules

A recent conversation with colleagues in the US brought this issue once more to the fore. The proposal was that there exists serious environmental impact from empty syringes and the occasional tablet of IV bag in an orange (red) sack.

Taking this further, the conversation turned to the problem of scavenging of drug residues from clinical waste. When asked, that too was an environmental hazard since those drugs would end up in the environment, without control or proper disposal and treatment. The response perhaps bears repetition here:

 

Have you really swallowed the tale about the dire impact of drug residues from clinical wastes endangering the environment? That a few pharmaceuticals misappropriated from some insecure or unscrupulous waste management facility might precipitate environmental disaster? Or that outflows from domestic sewerage and/or solid wastes into which unwanted prescription drugs have been tipped will change the world?

Though it is no reason to ignore these sources completely, the impact is, without doubt, infinitesimally small when compared with excretion of the administered dose.

We cannot dispute that what goes in will come out, and actually quite quickly. On average, in excess of 95% of the administered dose of any drug is excreted unchanged, with some varying amount and range of metabolites. Half-lives change but most drugs begin to be excreted within a matter of hours and a single dose is usually eliminated within 24-36 hours.

We pass that into sewerage systems designed by Victorians to remove biological hazards but not pharmaceuticals. Yet when we find drug residues in natural water sources we get over-excited about a few street drugs and ignore the obvious.

Wastewater treatment processes are being considered for some hospitals, to reduce the burden of drug residues in their outflow. Quite right. But just why is this being done? Many regulators are taking the rather myopic view that this because hospitals are poor at segregation of pharmaceutical wastes. Yet they ignore completely, or simply cannot comprehend, that those same hospitals are full of patients receiving medications, defecating daily and urinating several times each day thus contributing a massive drug load to the sewer that conventional wastewater treatments cannot address. We make it worse still. Hospital staff are not immune from the need for drug treatments, from a simple cold remedy or painkiller, through to hormone-based contraceptives. And still regulators and those who hang on their words bang a drum for what are effectively the most minute contributions to the global environmental burden of pharmaceuticals, their metabolites and their degradation products.

To broaden the rather gloomy horizon still further, this is not restricted only to prescription pharmaceuticals but to OTC products also, though at least in the UK, and it seems elsewhere too, regulators cannot stretch their mind to this even greater pool of potential environmental contaminants but only to those prescription medicines defined by law and thus satisfying a naïve, or is it brainless, tick box mentality. Cleaning agents too, which though not considered in the same classes as pharmaceuticals share many similarities in biological and ecological impacts, in addition to more direct eco-toxicities.

Improvement in community wastewater treatment facilities may be advantageous, and particularly for outflows deriving from hospital ‘hotspots’. However, let’s not place blame squarely on the Victorian sewage treatment facility since globally many are lacking this basic public health resource and have to rely on cess pits, soak-aways or worse.

If that seems like a dipartite situation separating the have’s and have not’s, consider the veterinary and agricultural (livestock) use of pharmaceuticals . Globally, this is massive. It is largely unspoken as many developing countries use increasing but often undeclared amounts of drug additives to increase profitability in the global food markets.

At least some of us have the option to use a toilet. In the animal kingdom, mans intervention in the intensive livestock industries has not changed the inevitability of excretion directly to land.

Make your own mid up.

There should be concern about drug residues in the environment. When we stop over-prescribing, and curtail the sales of PTC (non-prescription) products, when we make arrangements for the collection of unwanted pharmaceuticals from households, when we stop passing out thousands of tonnes of pharmaceutical residues in urine, and start treating wastewaters accordingly, then there will be some significant reduction in the level of drug residue found in natural waters. The contribution from clinical wastes, and from drug litter, is infinitesimally small and regulators would do well to consider the science, and the logic, of the situation and divert their collective attention to the heart of the problem instead of making mischief around the periphery where their interventions will make little if any difference.

 

 

It’s the bane of many waste treatment facilities. Blue spun (non-woven) polypropylene wrap often ties its way around the best of shredders causing many hold-ups and some equipment damage during shredding of autoclave floc, and in automated feed systems for autoclaves, augers, microwave and incinerator plant.

Used for surgical drapes, the wrapper for sterile instrument packs, and for many single use disposable gowns used in theatre, radiology, in laboratories, and as the now universal disposable replacement for bed curtains that are found on every hospital ward, the material might be ideal for material recovery if separated effectively.

A new resource recovery service promises to do just that, but only for non-contaminated wrap. Strangely identifying itself as an environmentally aware non-profit .org organisation but nonetheless a limited company, Alternative To Landfill Ltd aims to be at the fore front of the recycling industry, concentrating on the recovery of waste for reuse, recycling and seeks alternatives for material that would otherwise end up in landfill sites.

Good for them. We are of like mind and would be happy to support their ideals. However, restricting the operation to accept only non-contaminated material is a serious drawback. Clearly aiming for the lower fruits, and avoiding the regulatory framework that might conflate operations that may then include wastes considered more accurately as clinical wastes, the problems that this may cause make the business model difficult to accept.

Chosen waste volumes must be low, especially since source segregation will permit recovery of non-contaminated feedstock for this operation only from the largest and most dedicated environmentally-aware surgical centres. They may be found centred around only the larger conurbations, leaving the logistics operation to bring together sufficient waste for a cost-efficient operation looking a little thin.

And of course, there is the thorny problem of source segregation. Will it be good enough? Will an item of miscellaneous plastic make a difference, or some stray sheets of paper? Probably not. But the ‘what if’ of contamination with some contaminated or bloodstained material is more difficult to predict.

How much contamination is necessary to define a contaminated load?

What about the contamination that is not visible? How hard should we look, among a skip full of compressed wrappers?

And once identified as contaminated, will the entire batch comprising multiple collections be rejected? And what becomes of that rejected material, since rejection must accept reclassification as clinical waste, consequentially bearing a high cost for disposal.

Mush spun or non-woven polypropylene drape and gown material finds its way to clinical waste treatment, and quite rightly so. The recovery of this fraction from autoclaved clinical wastes, after sterilisation and either before or after shredding, would be a major advance.

The developments of  Alternative To Landfill Ltd are an important step forward and, at least in theory, looks to be of value though there are practical and operational matters of concern that may impact upon profitability and overall success. It’s a good idea, and if the regulatory framework permitted should be extended to seek the development of technologies to capture other non-woven wastes from ATT treatment floc.

 

 

 

A second Lanarkshire hospital has been slammed over stained mattresses and the unsafe use of sharps disposal bins.

Monklands Hospital in Airdrie was the subject of an unannounced inspection by the Healthcare Environment Inspectorate (HEI) during which six of nine mattresses inspected were found to be damaged or stained.

In the news recently when a foetus was found in a clinical waste bin, Monklands hospital had a HEI visit in January, when inspectors also discovered that lids on sharps disposal bins were not always used and found one large sharps bin sitting on a trolley at knee height, without the lid properly fitted. Also, sharps bins awaiting disposal were being kept on a ward, not in a locked area.

It is the second time Monklands has been warned over how it handles sharps, following an inspection in January last year.

And it comes less than two months after an inspection of Hairmyres Hospital in East Kilbride, in which inspectors also found stained mattresses and problems with the way sharps were handled.

The HEI issued five requirements as a result of the latest inspection of Monklands. The first two called for an effective mattress audit system and the implementation of standard precautions in handling sharps. The others relate to infection control. The report found that, overall, “the hospital was clean and well maintained”.

Of course, clean and well maintained does not go hand-in-hand with sloppy sharps management, especially when this is more that an isolated incident suggesting systemic failures in sharps safety management.

If I had been inspecting, I would have been demanding data on sharps injuries and reported near misses, including reports from waste management contractors, cleaning companies and laundry services of sharps discarded inappropriately.

Overall, these problems, of inappropriate storage of filled sharps bins that may relate more to shortage of porters that sharps mismanagement are not uncommon and might be seen in many hospitals. Few are really beyond criticism and all can do better. It is, perhaps more appropriate to consider these as a flag for further and more detailed investigation in order to identify those centres at which there are real issues that impact directly on safety.

In such cases, when serious and potentially dangerous performance is observed, the health regulator should liaise with HSE to ensure that where necessary an improvement notice is issued, with prosecution is warranted for the most serious failures.

 

 

 

 

Various items of clinical waste, predominantly used sharps, can be found on the streets of London. But today’s news report from the BBC is of a placenta found by London dog walker – perhaps more likely found by the dog than the walker – on a footpath near Tooting Bec Athletics Track, south London.

Police are now concerned that a vulnerable woman has given birth and may require medical assistance. Police believe the tub was partially buried before being unearthed by an animal, and is up to 2 weeks old.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21985948

The issue of waste disposal may seem rather trite in circumstances where we might opine of a woman, alone and frightened, seeking to conceal a birth. But equally is the persistent trend toward retention of a placenta after delivery – is it part of the earth mother thing? - where mothers ask to keep the placenta, to bury in the garden or elsewhere as if completing the earthly circle. Others like to eat it, consuming its nutrients as a paté or sautéed with some garden herbs, butter and garlic!

So, is this a tragic story of a concealed birth, and possibly of infanticide? Or some idiot mother who wanted to go with the flow and keep her placenta, but was then stuck when it started to decay? In the latter case, there are disposal issues, and possibly accusations of littering that might offend many but serve its purpose by dissuading others from doing likewise.

 

 

File:Coat of arms of Shetland.jpgNHS Shetland is launching an investigation after a Vidlin resident found a medical waste bag in the ditch near her home last week.

The bag was labelled NHS Grampian and bore a hazard symbol. The lady finding it was understandably angry that nearly a week later the bag was still there.

It was labelled ‘path­ology dept.’ and ‘cytology unit’ on it and ‘clinical biochemistry/hae­ma­tology’ and ‘danger of infection’ in big letters.

After something of a run-around between NHS Grampian, Orkney, the Gilbert Bain Hospital there were promises that it would be removed, and some uncertainty whether it was a sample bag or a clinical waste bag.

With what seems to be an attitude of deny it first, then investigate, the official response was that it was a sample bag of the type that might be sent by post – not that that is permitted by Royal Mail so I guess that was bunkum. Moreover, the lady reporting the find said it was “about the size of a pillowcase”, and a waste sack comes to mind rather than something fallen of the back of the Postie’s bicycle!

http://www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2013/03/22/health-service-investigation-after-bag-full-of-medical-waste-found-in-ditch

 

But it’s Shetland. There is some wild weather and it’s not impossible that a stray bag blew away from an insecure location. Then again, it may have been a laboratory sample bag, however unlikely. But that too should not have been blowing across the island.

It’s not the end of the world, is it. At least not until someone takes the trouble to report it, gets a whole lot of bullshit in return, and it takes days to deal with the problem.

 

 

“An international group of scientists, including the young Chelsea Rochman and Mark Anthony Browne from California, with the support of the veteran marine scientist Richard Thompson from the UK and a host of others from the USA and Japan, has called on policy-makers to classify plastic waste as hazardous waste.

Their argument, published in the latest issue of Nature, states that classifying plastic waste as hazardous waste is not only a more accurate description of its toxic activities, but will also allow effective action to be taken against such harms. Note that they are not calling for the end of plastics – though they target PVC, polystyrene, polyurethane and polycarbonate as the most hazardous of the hazards – but for a more rigorous infrastructure that comes with a new classification.

http://discardstudies.wordpress.com/2013/02/15/scientists-call-to-classify-plastic-waste-as-hazardous-waste/

Plastics waste is clearly hazardous when it finds its way to an inappropriate place. That should never happen, but of course it does, in vast quantities and seemingly without any sign of reduction. Once ‘out there’, perhaps unseen save for the “witches knickers” flapping in the wind, we tend to forget, to turn our eyes away from the problem and carry on regardless. This cannot continue.

Any possibility for new or improved legislation that may move toward classification of plastics waste as hazardous waste will cause widespread concern and almost certainly increase costs, though the justification for those cost increases might be rather difficult to justify.

The problem is one of focus. How to constrain and, if necessary to punish, the offenders without impeding the activities of those who are happy to segregate their plastic waste for kerbside collections and others who perform well at any stage in the disposal chain through treatment to reuse or recycling, even to disposal where unavoidable?

How does this impact on the clinical waste sector? Separation and recovery of plastics from ATT-treated wastes is still resisted by individuals at the Environment Agency who seek to maintain an existing and unsteady playing field, tinkering with matters entirely outwith their scope of responsibility. Leaving that aside, at least temporarily, careless crafting of future legislation may impact greatly on those processing clinical wastes and seeking to landfill mixed plastic-rich floc.

Landfill should be avoided. There are several alternatives – cement kilns are the most frequently quoted option but this rarely happens as the amount of waste is too small. Now, with the rapid expansion of W2E plants across the UK, many of which are planned without clear evidence of sufficient feedstock available to operate them successfully, this seems to be the ideal option for autoclave, microwave and other treatment residues for clinical and sanitary/offensive wastes.

This will be environmentally sound, and will undoubtedly be preferable to landfill disposal. The regulatory stance must change, to acknowledge the errors that place barriers in place for this disposal option, opening the way to materials or resource recovery from treated wastes via materials recovery or at W3E plants

Remember, you heard it first on the Clinical Waste Discussion Forum.

 

 

It should come as no surprise that South Africa’s healthcare waste sector “is riddled with allegations of financial impropriety, corruption, overloaded facilities and use of inappropriate transport vehicles and storage facilities.”

So says the Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa’s past president, Stan Jewaskiewitz. And few would doubt his words.

Healthcare waste made up to 46 tons of South Africa’s total annual waste, estimated at 108-million tons (excluding mine waste), and “only 2.5 tons” of that needed special treatment because it was hazardous, infectious or pathological.

http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/health/2013/03/07/institute-plans-to-clean-up-healthcare-waste-sector

 

These data carry their own rather frightening tale.

Assuming that the data presented in what is, after all, a news item that cannot be relied upon for accuracy – though a quote from the IWMSA past president should be reliable – the immediate question is where is the rest of the waste, from a population in excess of 50,500,000?

The data paint a picture of an awful lot of people who are not receiving adequate healthcare, indeed probably not receiving any formalised healthcare. It is so shocking, that we can draw such clear assumptions from healthcare waste output data, assuming of course that South Africa hasn’t found the Holy grail of waste minimisation, in which case please do share it with the rest of us!

No part of the waste sector, at home or abroad, can claim a squeaky clean business history – even regulators are in on the act – but the level of corruption in South Africa is quite astounding, frightening, perhaps predictable and a sad indictment on those who are involved. However, the problems are greater that that, starting with high government and the services provided to a predominantly dirt poor population. South Africa has a long and troubled history, and whether change must start at the top, at the bottom, or both, great change is still needed.

 

With at least one hospital waste incinerator, perhaps the only one, out of action, it is reported that clinical waste is filling the streets النفايات الطبية تملأ شوارع القليوبية.. ومحارق المستشفيات خارج الخدمةof Cairo.

In such a troubled and generally under-resourced country, this comes perhaps as no surprise.

It shows, firstly, a lack of suitable equipment and either the ability to maintain it adequately, or access to components and technical expertise.

It also speaks of a lack of planning and regulation that fails to ensure wastes are stored appropriately. In a country with high daytime temperatures refrigeration may be considered but except for bulk wet sanitary wastes and nappies containing faeces the value of refrigeration is perhaps minimal and the lack of suitable cold plant should be no great problem. However, at any time, secure storage of wastes is an obvious necessity.

In the absence of better containers, open metal skips are better than nothing as they will contain leakage, prevent access by vermin and allow easy removal when suitable treatment options are found. A tarpaulin of netting cover will keep birds away, while a light spray with insecticide will prevent nuisance from flies. Dosing with strong disinfectants is almost certainly unhelpful and unnecessary. In this way, the health and safety of those close to the wastes will be properly managed, as will the wider public health impact of wastes piled in the streets. Waste regulators and public health specialists should be working hard to prevent this.

And what is unnecessary if the siting of a skip sitting haphazardly in an open ditch, with waste sacks spilling from it and scattered around at its base.  When its full, in fact before its full, get another skip. Surely it ain’t that difficult?